He rauemi koranu i hangaia mai i te matū mārō o te konganuku ātete-waikura me te konganuku here mā te tukanga whakarewa paura. He maha ngā āhuatanga pai o te kāpira sima pērā i te pakeketanga teitei, te ātete ki te kakahu, te kaha me te pakari pai, te ātete ki te wera me te ātete ki te waikura, inā koa tōna pakeketanga teitei me te ātete ki te kakahu, e kore e rerekē ahakoa i te pāmahana o te 500 °C, he pakeke tonu i te 1000℃. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te kāpira hei rauemi taputapu, pērā i ngā taputapu huri, ngā taputapu mira, ngā mīhini parai, ngā wiri, ngā taputapu keri, me ētahi atu, mō te tapahi i te rino maka, ngā konganuku kore-waikura, ngā kirihou, ngā muka matū, te karāhe, te kōhatu me te maitai noa, ā, ka taea hoki te whakamahi mō te tapahi i ngā rauemi uaua ki te mīhini pērā i te maitai ātete-wera, te maitai kore waikura, te maitai konupora nui, te maitai taputapu, me ētahi atu. Ko te tere tapahi o ngā taputapu kāpira hou he rau ngā wā i te maitai waro.
Te whakamahinga o te carbide sima
(1) Rauemi taputapu
Ko te kāpira te nui rawa o ngā rauemi taputapu, ka taea te whakamahi hei hanga taputapu huri, taputapu mira, mīhini parai, mīhini wiri, me ētahi atu. I roto i ēnei, he pai te kāpira tungsten-cobalt mō te tukatuka maramara poto o ngā konganuku ferrous me te kore-ferrous me te tukatuka i ngā rauemi kore-whakarewa, pērā i te rino maka, te parahi maka, te bakelite, me ētahi atu; he pai te kāpira tungsten-titanium-cobalt mō te tukatuka roa o ngā konganuku ferrous pērā i te maitai. Te miihini maramara. I roto i ngā koranu rite, ko ngā mea he nui ake te ihirangi cobalt he pai mō te miihini taratara, ā, ko ngā mea he iti ake te ihirangi cobalt he pai mō te whakaoti. He roa ake te ora miihini o ngā kāpira sima whānui i ētahi atu kāpira sima mō ngā rauemi uaua ki te miihini pērā i te maitai kore waikura.
(2) Rauemi pokepokea ai
Ko te waro sima te nuinga e whakamahia ana mō ngā mate mahi makariri pērā i ngā mate kume makariri, ngā mate wero makariri, ngā mate whakaputa makariri, me ngā mate pou matao.
I raro i ngā āhuatanga mahi ātete-kakahu o te pānga, o te pānga kaha rānei, me whai pakari pai ngā mate pane makariri carbide kia pai te ātete ki te pānga, kia pakari te pakaru, kia kaha te ngenge, kia kaha te piko, kia pai hoki te ātete ki te kakahu. Ko ngā momo koranu konupora waenga me te teitei me te kōranu kōpura waenga me te matotoru te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana, pērā i te YG15C.
I te nuinga o te wā, he rerekē te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ātete kakahu me te pakari o te waro sima: ko te pikinga o te ātete kakahu ka heke te pakari, ā, ko te pikinga o te pakari ka heke te ātete kakahu. Nō reira, i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā momo koranu, me tutuki ngā whakaritenga whakamahinga motuhake e ai ki te mea tukatuka me ngā tikanga mahi tukatuka.
Mena he ngāwari te pakaru wawe me te kino o te momo kua tīpakohia i te wā e whakamahia ana, me tīpako te momo he pakari ake; ki te ngāwari te pakaru wawe me te kino o te momo kua tīpakohia i te wā e whakamahia ana, me tīpako te momo he pakeke ake, he ātete pai ake hoki ki te pakaru. Ko ngā momo e whai ake nei: YG15C, YG18C, YG20C, YL60, YG22C, YG25C Mai i te maui ki te matau, ka heke te pakeke, ka heke te ātete ki te pakaru, ka piki te pakari; engari, ko te ritenga kē te pono.
(3) Ngā taputapu ine me ngā wāhanga ātete-kakahu
E whakamahia ana te carbide mō ngā tākai mata ātete-kakahu me ngā wāhanga o ngā taputapu ine, ngā peera tika o ngā huri, ngā pereti ārahi me ngā tokotoko ārahi o ngā huri kore-pokapū, ngā tihi o ngā mīhini huri me ētahi atu wāhanga ātete-kakahu.
Ko ngā konganuku here he konganuku rōpū rino i te nuinga o te wā, ko te konukura me te nikara te nuinga.
I te wā e hanga ana i te karāhe sima, ko te rahi o te matūriki o te paura rauemi mata kua tīpakohia kei waenga i te 1 me te 2 maikorona, ā, he tino teitei te parakore. Ka purangahia ngā rauemi mata kia rite ki te ōwehenga hanganga kua whakaritea, ā, ka tāpirihia te waipiro, ētahi atu rauemi rānei ki te huri mākū i roto i te mira pōro mākū kia tino whakaranua, kia pakaru hoki. Tātarihia te ranunga. Kātahi ka whakapūkarahia te ranunga, ka pēhia, ka whakamahanahia ki te pāmahana e tata ana ki te pūmahana rewa o te konganuku here (1300-1500 °C), ka hanga te wāhanga whakapakeke me te konganuku here i te koranu eutectic. I muri i te whakamatao, ka tohatohahia ngā wāhanga whakapakeke ki roto i te whatunga i hangaia mai i te konganuku here, ā, ka hono tata tetahi ki tetahi hei hanga i te katoa totoka. Ko te pakeke o te karāhe sima e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te wāhanga whakapakeke me te rahi o te witi, arā, ko te teitei ake o te ihirangi wāhanga whakapakeke me te angiangi ake o ngā witi, ko te nui ake o te pakeke. Ko te pakari o te karāhe sima ka whakatauhia e te konganuku here. Ko te teitei ake o te ihirangi konganuku here, ko te teitei ake o te kaha piko.
I te tau 1923, i tāpirihia e Schlerter o Tiamana te 10% ki te 20% o te cobalt ki te paura tungsten carbide hei here, ā, i hangaia e ia tētahi koranu hou o te tungsten carbide me te cobalt. Ko te pakeke te tuarua ki te taimana anake. Ko te carbide sima tuatahi tēnei i hangaia. I te wā e tapahia ana te maitai me tētahi taputapu i hangaia ki tēnei koranu, ka tere te pakaru o te mata tapahi, ā, ka pakaru anō hoki te mata tapahi. I te tau 1929, i tāpirihia e Schwarzkov i te United States tētahi nui o te tungsten carbide me te titanium carbide compound carbide ki te hanganga taketake, ā, i whakapai ake i te mahi a te taputapu i te tapahi maitai. Ko tētahi atu whakatutukitanga tēnei i roto i te hītori o te whanaketanga o te carbide sima.
He maha ngā āhuatanga pai o te kāpira sima, pērā i te pakeketanga teitei, te ātete ki te kakahu, te kaha me te pakari, te ātete ki te wera me te waikura, inā koa tōna pakeketanga teitei me te ātete ki te kakahu, e kore e rerekē ahakoa i te pāmahana o te 500 °C, he pakeketanga teitei tonu i te 1000℃. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te kāpira hei rauemi taputapu, pērā i ngā taputapu hurihuri, ngā taputapu mira, ngā mīhini parai, ngā wiri, ngā taputapu keri, me ētahi atu, mō te tapahi i te rino maka, ngā konganuku kore-ferrous, ngā kirihou, ngā muka matū, te karāhe, te kōhatu me te maitai noa, ā, ka taea hoki te whakamahi mō te tapahi i ngā rauemi uaua ki te mīhini pērā i te maitai ātete-wera, te maitai kore waikura, te maitai konupora nui, te maitai taputapu, me ētahi atu. Ko te tere tapahi o ngā taputapu kāpira hou he rau ngā wā i te tere tapahi o te maitai waro.
Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te carbide ki te hanga i ngā taputapu keri toka, ngā taputapu keri, ngā taputapu keri, ngā taputapu ine, ngā wāhanga ātete-kakahu, ngā mea whakakoi whakarewa, ngā raina rango, ngā peera tika, ngā nozzles, ngā pokepoke whakarewa (pēnei i ngā mate kume waea, ngā mate pūtu, ngā mate nati, me ngā momo pokepoke whakapiri, nā te mahi pai o te carbide sima i whakakapi haere i ngā pokepoke maitai o mua).
Nō muri mai, ka puta mai anō te kāpira sima pania. I te tau 1969, i angitu a Huitene ki te whakawhanake i tētahi taputapu pania kāpira titanium. Ko te turanga o te taputapu he kāpira tungsten-titanium-cobalt, he kāpira tungsten-cobalt rānei. He torutoru noa iho ngā maikoroni te matotoru o te paninga kāpira titanium i runga i te mata, engari ki te whakatauritea ki te waitohu kotahi o ngā taputapu koranu, ka roa ake te ora mahi mā te 3 ngā wā, ā, ka piki ake te tere tapahi mā te 25% ki te 50%. I te tekau tau atu i 1970, ka puta mai he whakatupuranga tuawhā o ngā taputapu pania mō te tapahi i ngā rauemi uaua ki te mīhini.
Me pēhea te whakatōtō i te kāpira sima?
Ko te kāpira sima he mea whakarewa i hangaia mā te whakarewa paura o ngā kāpira me ngā konganuku here o tētahi, neke atu rānei o ngā konganuku ātete.
Mngā whenua whakaputa nui
Neke atu i te 50 ngā whenua o te ao e whakaputa ana i te kāpira sima, ā, ko te tapeke o te whakaputanga he 27,000-28,000t. Ko ngā kaihanga matua ko te Hononga o Amerika, Rūhia, Huitene, Haina, Tiamana, Hapani, te United Kingdom, Wīwī, me ētahi atu. Kua kī tonu te mākete kāpira sima o te ao, he tino kaha te whakataetae mākete. I tīmata te hanganga o te umanga kāpira sima o Haina i te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1950. Mai i te tekau tau atu i 1960 ki te tekau tau atu i 1970, i tere te whanaketanga o te umanga kāpira sima o Haina. I te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1990, i eke te kaha whakaputa kāpira sima katoa o Haina ki te 6000t, ā, ko te tapeke whakaputanga kāpira sima i eke ki te 5000t, tuarua ki Rūhia me te Hononga o Amerika, ko ia te tuatoru o te ao.
Tapahi wharepaku
①Tungsten me te cobalt sima carbide
Ko ngā wāhanga matua ko te tungsten carbide (WC) me te binder cobalt (Co).
Ko tōna taumata he mea tito mai i te "YG" ("mārō me te cobalt" i te reo Hainamana Pinyin) me te ōrau o te ihirangi cobalt toharite.
Hei tauira, ko te tikanga o te YG8 ko te toharite o te WCo=8%, ā, ko te toenga he tungsten-cobalt carbide o te tungsten carbide.
Ngā maripi TIC
②Karaiti Tungsten-titanium-cobalt
Ko ngā wāhanga matua ko te tungsten carbide, te titanium carbide (TiC) me te cobalt.
Ko tōna taumata he mea tito mai i te "YT" ("mārō, titanium" e rua ngā tohu i roto i te kupu whakataki Pinyin Hainamana) me te ihirangi toharite o te titanium carbide.
Hei tauira, ko te tikanga o te YT15 ko te WTi toharite=15%, ā, ko te toenga he kāpira tungsten me te kāpira tungsten-titanium-cobalt me te nui o te kāpira.
Utauta Tantalum Titanium Tungsten
③Karaiti sima Tungsten-titanium-tantalum (niobium)
Ko ngā wāhanga matua ko te tungsten carbide, te titanium carbide, te tantalum carbide (te niobium carbide rānei) me te cobalt. Ka kiia hoki tēnei momo carbide sima ko te carbide sima whānui, ko te carbide sima whānui rānei.
Ko tōna tohu he mea tito mai i te "YW" (te kupu whakataki oro Hainamana mō te "hard" me te "wan") me te tau raupapa, pērā i te YW1.
Ngā āhuatanga mahi
Ngā Whakaurunga Whakarewa Carbide
Te pakeketanga teitei (86～93HRA, he ōrite ki te 69～81HRC);
He pakari pai te wera (tae atu ki te 900～1000℃, kia mau ki te 60HRC);
He ātete pai ki te pakū.
E 4 ki te 7 ngā wā tere ake o ngā taputapu tapahi kāpira i te maitai tere-rahi, ā, e 5 ki te 80 ngā wā teitei ake te roa o te ora o ngā taputapu. I roto i te hanga pokepokea me ngā taputapu ine, e 20 ki te 150 ngā wā teitei ake te roa o te ora o te maitai taputapu koranu. Ka taea e ia te tapahi i ngā rauemi mārō tata ki te 50HRC.
Heoi, he pakarukaru te waro sima, kāore e taea te mīhini, ā, he uaua ki te hanga taputapu whakauru me ngā āhua uaua. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka hangaia ngā mata o ngā āhua rerekē, ka tāutahia ki te tinana taputapu, ki te tinana pokepoke rānei mā te whakarewa, te here, te whakapūmau mīhini, me ētahi atu.
Pae āhua motuhake
Te whakapūtanga
Ko te hanga whakarewa sima carbide he pēhi i te paura ki roto i te pereki, kātahi ka whakauru ki te oumu sima hei whakamahana ki tētahi pāmahana (pāmahana sima), pupuri mō tētahi wā (wā pupuri), kātahi ka whakamatao kia whiwhi ai i tētahi rauemi sima carbide me ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana.
Ka taea te wehewehe i te tukanga sintering carbide sima ki ngā wāhanga matua e whā:
1: I te wāhanga o te tango i te kaihanga me te whakatō i mua i te whakatō, ka huri te tinana whakatō penei:
I te tangohanga o te matū whakapūkara, me te pikinga ake o te pāmahana i te wāhanga tuatahi o te whakapūkara, ka memeha haere te matū whakapūkara, ka mimiti haere rānei, ā, ka tangohia atu te tinana whakapūkara. He rerekē te momo, te rahinga me te tukanga whakapūkara.
Ka whakaitihia ngā waikura i runga i te mata o te paura. I te pāmahana whakapūkara, ka taea e te hauwai te whakaiti i ngā waikura o te cobalt me te tungsten. Mena ka tangohia te kaihanga i roto i te korehau me te whakapūkara, kāore e kaha te tauhohenga waro-hāora. Ka āta tangohia te ahotea whakapā i waenga i ngā matūriki paura, ka tīmata te whakaora me te whakakōhatu anō i te paura konganuku honohono, ka tīmata te horapa o te mata, ā, ka pai ake te kaha o te whakapūkara.
2: Wāhanga whakapūkara totoka (800℃–pāmahana eutectic)
I te pāmahana i mua i te putanga mai o te wāhanga wai, hei tāpiri atu ki te haere tonu i te tukanga o te wāhanga o mua, ka kaha ake te tauhohenga me te horapa o te wāhanga totoka, ka whakarei ake te rere o te kirihou, ā, ka tino mimiti te tinana kua whakatōngia.
3: Wāhanga whakapūtanga wai (pāmahana eutectic – pāmahana whakapūtanga)
Ina puta te āhua wai i roto i te tinana kua whakakāhia, ka tere te whakaoti i te whakahekenga, ā, ka whai ake ko te whakawhiti tioata hei hanga i te hanganga taketake me te hanganga o te koranu.
4: Wāhanga whakamatao (pāmahana whakamahana – pāmahana rūma)
I tēnei wā, kua rerekē te hanganga me te hanganga āhua o te koranu me ngā āhuatanga whakamatao rerekē. Ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei āhuatanga hei whakamahana i te karāhe sima hei whakapai ake i ōna āhuatanga ā-tinana me ā-pūkaha.
Wā tuku: 11 Paenga-whāwhā 2022
