I te hauwhā whakamutunga, i whakaputa te Manatū Tauhokohoko, me te mahi tahi me te Whakahaere Whānui o ngā Tikanga, i tētahi pānuitanga tahi hei tiaki i te haumarutanga me ngā painga o te motu, me te whakatutuki i ngā kawenga kore-whakaputa o te ao. I te whakaaetanga a te Kaunihera ā-Motu, kua whakatinanahia ngā tikanga whakahaere kaweake pakari ki ngā rauemi e pā ana ki te tungsten, tellurium, bismuth, molybdenum, me te indium. Ina koa, ko ngā rauemi e pā ana ki te tungsten whakahaeretia ko te ammonium paratungstate, ngā waikura tungsten, ētahi carbide tungsten kore-whakahaeretia, ngā momo tungsten totoka motuhake (haunga ngā granules, ngā paura rānei), ngā koranu tungsten-nickel-rino, tungsten-nickel-parahi rānei, me ngā raraunga me ngā hangarau e hiahiatia ana mō te whakaputa taonga i raro i ngā waehere motuhake (1C004, 1C117.c, 1C117.d). Me whai ngā kaiwhakahaere katoa e kaweake ana i ēnei rauemi i te Ture Whakahaere Kaweake o te Repupiripia o te Iwi o Haina me ngā Ture mō te Whakahaere Kaweake o ngā Taonga Whakamahinga Takirua, me te tono me te whiwhi whakaaetanga kaweake mai i ngā mana tauhokohoko whai mana o te Kaunihera ā-Motu. Ka whai mana tonu tēnei pānuitanga, ā, ka whakahoutia te Rārangi Mana Kaweake o ngā Taonga Whakamahinga Takirua o te Repupiripia o te Iwi o Haina.
I. Ngā Taonga e Pā Ana ki te Tungsten
- 1C117.d. Ngā Rauemi e Pā Ana ki te Tungsten:
- Ammonia paratungstate (Waehere HS: 2841801000);
- Ngā waikura tungsten (Ngā Waehere HS: 2825901200, 2825901910, 2825901920);
- Kāore ngā waro tungsten i te whakahaeretia i raro i te 1C226 (Waehere HS: 2849902000).
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- 1C117.c. Tungsten Totoka me ēnei Āhuatanga Katoa e Whai Ake Nei:
- He tungsten totoka (haunga ngā kirikiri, ngā paura rānei) me tētahi o ēnei e whai ake nei:
- Ngā koranu tungsten, tungsten rānei, he nui te ihirangi tungsten ≥97% te taumaha, kāore i te whakahaeretia i raro i te 1C226, i te 1C241 rānei (Ngā Waehere HS: 8101940001, 8101991001, 8101999001);
- Ngā koranu tungsten-parahi me te ihirangi tungsten ≥80% mā te taumaha (Ngā Waehere HS: 8101940001, 8101991001, 8101999001);
- Ngā koranu tungsten-hiriwa he ≥80% te nui o te tungsten me te ≥2% te taumaha o te hiriwa (Ngā Waehere HS: 7106919001, 7106929001);
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- Ka taea te mīhini ki tētahi o ēnei e whai ake nei:
- Ngā rango he whānui ≥120 mm me te roa ≥50 mm;
- Ngā ngongo he whānui o roto ≥65 mm, he matotoru pakitara ≥25 mm, ā, he roa ≥50 mm;
- Ngā poraka he rahi ≥120 mm × 120 mm × 50 mm.
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- 1C004. Ngā koranu Tungsten-Nickel-Rino, Tungsten-Nickel-Parahi rānei, me ēnei āhuatanga katoa:
- Kiato >17.5 g/cm³;
- Kaha whakaputa >800 MPa;
- Te kaha kume mutunga rawa >1270 MPa;
- Te roa >8% (Ngā Waehere HS: 8101940001, 8101991001, 8101999001).
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- 1E004, 1E101.b. Ngā Hangarau me ngā Raraunga mō te whakaputa taonga i raro i te 1C004, 1C117.c, 1C117.d (tae atu ki ngā whakatakotoranga tukanga, ngā tawhā, me ngā kaupapa miihini).
II. Ngā Taonga e Pā Ana ki te Tellurium
- 6C002.a. Tellurium Whakarewa (Waehere HS: 2804500001).
- 6C002.b. Ngā Hua Whakakotahi Tellurium, Polycrystalline rānei (tae atu ki ngā papa, ngā papa epitaxial rānei):
- Te karamumium telluride (Ngā Waehere HS: 2842902000, 3818009021);
- Te konutea konutea cadmium (Ngā Waehere HS: 2842909025, 3818009021);
- Te mercury cadmium telluride (Ngā Waehere HS: 2852100010, 3818009021).
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- 6E002. Ngā Hangarau me ngā Raraunga mō te whakaputa taonga i raro i te 6C002 (tae atu ki ngā whakatakotoranga tukanga, ngā tawhā, me ngā kaupapa miihini).
III. Ngā Taonga e Pā Ana ki te Bismuth
- 6C001.a. Ngā Bismuth Whakarewa me ngā Hua kāore i raro i te mana whakahaere o te 1C229, tae atu ki ngā ingota, ngā poraka, ngā pītiti, ngā kirikiri, me ngā paura (Ngā Waehere HS: 8106101091, 8106101092, 8106101099, 8106109090, 8106901019, 8106901029, 8106901099, 8106909090).
- 6C001.b. Bismuth Germanate (Waehere HS: 2841900041).
- 6C001.c. Triphenylbismuth (Waehere HS: 2931900032).
- 6C001.d. Tris(p-ethoxyphenyl)bismuth (Waehere HS: 2931900032).
- 6E001. Ngā Hangarau me ngā Raraunga mō te whakaputa taonga i raro i te 6C001 (tae atu ki ngā whakatakotoranga tukanga, ngā tawhā, me ngā kaupapa miihini).
IV. Ngā Taonga e Pā Ana ki te Molybdenum
- 1C117.b. Paura Molibdenum: Ngā matūriki molibdenum me te koranu he nui te molibdenum ≥97% te taumaha me te rahi o te matūriki ≤50×10⁻⁶ m (50 μm), e whakamahia ana mō te hanga i ngā wāhanga pere (Waehere HS: 8102100001).
- 1E101.b. Ngā Hangarau me ngā Raraunga mō te whakaputa taonga i raro i te 1C117.b (tae atu ki ngā whakatakotoranga tukanga, ngā tawhā, me ngā kaupapa miihini).
V. Ngā Taonga e Pā Ana ki te Iniuma
- 3C004.a. Iniuma Phosphide (Waehere HS: 2853904051).
- 3C004.b. Trimethylindium (Waehere HS: 2931900032).
- 3C004.c. Triethylindium (Waehere HS: 2931900032).
- 3E004. Ngā Hangarau me ngā Raraunga mō te whakaputa taonga i raro i te 3C004 (tae atu ki ngā whakatakotoranga tukanga, ngā tawhā, me ngā kaupapa miihini).
Ehara ngā Mana Whakahaere Kaweake Tungsten i te Rāhui Katoa
Kāore ngā mana whakahaere kaweake o te tungsten e kī ana he aukati katoa i te kaweake engari kei roto ko ngā tikanga whakahaere paerewa mō ngā taonga motuhake e pā ana ki te tungsten. Me tono whakaaetanga ngā kaihokohoko o ēnei taonga mai i ngā mana hokohoko whai mana o te Kaunihera ā-Rohe i runga anō i te Ture Whakahaere Kaweake me ngā Ture mō te Whakahaere Kaweake o ngā Taonga Whakamahinga Takirua. Ka whakaaetia ngā kaweake mēnā ka tutukihia, ā, ka whakaaetia.
Ngā Pānga Pea ki te Mākete ā-Rohe
E ai ki ngā raraunga mai i te Tungsten-Molybdenum Cloud Commerce Platform, ko ngā kaweake o te ammonium paratungstate (APT), te tungsten trioxide, me te tungsten carbide te wāhanga nui o ngā kaweake tungsten katoa:
- Ko ngā kaweake APT i te tau 2023 me te 2024 he tata ki te 803 tana me te 782 tana, ia, ko ia tāra e 4% o ngā kaweake tungsten katoa.
- Ko te nui o ngā kaweake o te tungsten trioxide i te tau 2023 e 2,699 tana, ā, i te tau 2024 e 3,190 tana, he pikinga tēnei mai i te 14% ki te 17% o ngā kaweake katoa.
- Ko te kaweake o te tungsten carbide e tata ana ki te 4,433 tana i te tau 2023 me te 4,147 tana i te tau 2024, e mau tonu ana te wāhanga o te 22%.
Mā te whakatinanatanga o ngā mana whakahaere kaweake tungsten ka tino kaha ake te tirotiro me te whakaae i ēnei tūemi, ka pā pea ki ngā mahi a ētahi o ngā kaihokohoko. Heoi, i te mea he iti noa te wāhi o ēnei tūemi whakahaeretia i roto i te katoa o ngā kaweake tungsten, e whakaarohia ana he iti noa te pānga whānui ki ngā āhuatanga tuku-tono me ngā ia o te utu o te mākete tungsten ā-rohe. Tērā pea ka akiakihia ngā umanga e tēnei kaupapa here ki te arotahi ki te auahatanga hangarau me te kounga hua kia pai ake ai te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te mākete ā-rohe me te ao.
Te Hiranga Rautaki o te Tungsten
Nā te teitei o te ira rewa, te pakeke, te kawe hiko, me te ātete ki te waikura, he mea nui tēnei i roto i ngā ahumahi o te ao. I roto i te hanga maitai, ka whakarei ake te tungsten i te kaha, te pakari, me te ātete ki te kakahu, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā mīhini me te hanga. I roto i ngā hikohiko, he rauemi matua mō ngā wāhanga, ngā ara iahiko whakauru, me ngā miro tuku iho. I roto i te ao rererangi, he mea nui ngā koranu tungsten mō ngā mata miihini me ngā pūwero rōkete, hei tautoko i te tūhuratanga ātea. I roto i te ope taua, he mea nui ngā koranu tungsten mō ngā pere wero-pū, ngā wāhanga pere, me ngā pūwero, e pā tika ana ki ngā kaha tiaki ā-motu. He mea nui te whakarite i tētahi tuku tungsten ā-rohe pumau mō te haumarutanga ā-motu.
Ngā Pānga Poto me te Wā Roa
Mō te wā poto, ka whakaitihia e ngā mana whakahaere kaweake te tuku tungsten a Haina ki ngā mākete o te ao, ka whakararuraru pea i ngā taurite tuku-tono kua roa e tū ana, ā, ka piki ake ngā utu tungsten o te ao nā te kaha o te tono i raro iho. Mō te wā roa, ka akiakihia e ēnei mana whakahaere ngā whakapainga ahumahi, ka whakatenatena i ngā haumitanga R&D, te whakamahinga rauemi whai hua, me te whakawhanake i ngā hua uara nui hei whakarei ake i te awe o Haina i roto i te umanga tungsten.
Ngā Tatauranga Tungsten o te Ao
E ai ki te USGS, ko ngā rahui tungsten o te ao i te tau 2023 tata ki te 4.4 miriona tana, he pikinga 15.79% i ia tau, ko Haina te 52.27% (2.3 miriona tana). Ko te hanga tungsten o te ao he 78,000 tana, he hekenga 2.26%, ko Haina te 80.77% (63,000 tana). E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga tikanga Hainamana i ngā kaweake tungsten kanorau, tae atu ki ngā konganuku tungsten, te waikawa tungstic, te tungsten trioxide, ngā tungsten carbides, me ngā momo hua tungsten. I te tau 2024, i kaweake a Haina i te 782.41 tana o te APT (he heke iho i te 2.53%, 4.06% o ngā kaweake katoa), 3,189.96 tana o te tungsten trioxide (he piki ake i te 18.19%, 16.55% o ngā kaweake katoa), me te 4,146.76 tana o te tungsten carbide (he heke iho i te 6.46%, 21.52% o ngā kaweake katoa).
He kaiwhakarato ngaio a CHENGDU HUAXIN CEMENTED CARBIDE CO., LTD me te kaihanga o ngā hua kāpira tungsten, pērā i ngā maripi whakauru kāpira mō te mahi rakau, ngā maripi porowhita kāpira mō te tapahi tupeka me ngā rakau tātari hikareti, ngā maripi porowhita mō te tapahi kāri kōhao, ngā mata heu toru-kōhao/mata kōhao mō te takai, te rīpene, te tapahi kiriata angiangi, ngā mata tapahi muka mō te umanga kakahu me ētahi atu.
Neke atu i te 25 tau o te whanaketanga, kua kaweakehia ā mātou hua ki Amerika, Rūhia, Amerika ki te Tonga, Īnia, Turkey, Pakitāne, Ahitereiria, Āhia ki te Tonga me ētahi atu. He kounga pai rawa atu, he utu whakataetae hoki, ā, e whakaaetia ana e ā mātou kiritaki tō mātou ngākau pukumahi me te aro tere. Ā, e hiahia ana mātou ki te whakatū hononga pakihi hou me ngā kiritaki hou.
Whakapā mai ki a mātou i tēnei rā, ā, ka whiwhi koe i ngā painga o te kounga pai me ngā ratonga mai i ā mātou hua!
Wā tuku: Pipiri-04-2025
