He mea nui te rakau me te konganuku mā te tangata mō ngā mano tau. Ko ngā pūmua hangai e kīia nei e tātou he kirihou, he mea hou i puta ake i te rautau 20.
He pai ngā āhuatanga o ngā konganuku me ngā kirihou mō te whakamahinga ahumahi me te arumoni. He pakari, he pakari, ā, he ātete ki te hau, te wai, te wera, me te ahotea tonu ngā konganuku. Heoi, me nui ake ngā rauemi (ko te tikanga he nui ake te utu) hei whakaputa me te whakapai ake i ā rātou hua. He rite tonu te kirihou ki te konganuku, engari he iti ake te taumaha e hiahiatia ana, ā, he tino iti te utu hei whakaputa. Ka taea te whakarite i ō rātou āhuatanga mō te nuinga o ngā whakamahinga. Heoi, he kino rawa ngā rauemi hanganga o ngā kirihou arumoni iti te utu: ehara ngā taputapu kirihou i te mea pai, ā, kāore tetahi e hiahia ki te noho i roto i te whare kirihou. Hei tāpiri, he maha ngā wā ka whakapaia mai i ngā wahie pūmua.
I ētahi whakamahinga, ka taea e te rakau tūturu te whakataetae ki ngā konganuku me ngā kirihou. Ko te nuinga o ngā whare whānau he mea hanga ki runga i te anga rakau. Ko te raruraru he tino ngohengohe te rakau tūturu, ā, he ngāwari rawa te pakaru i te wai, kāore e taea te whakakapi i te kirihou me te konganuku i te nuinga o te wā. I roto i tētahi pepa hou i whakaputaina i roto i te hautaka Matter, e tūhura ana i te hanganga o tētahi rauemi rakau whakapakeke e wikitoria ana i ēnei herenga. Ko te mutunga o tēnei rangahau ko te hanganga o ngā maripi me ngā whao rakau. He pēhea te pai o te maripi rakau, ā, ka whakamahia e koe i roto i ngā wā tata nei?
Ko te hanganga muka o te rakau he tata ki te 50% te cellulose, he pūmua tūturu me ngā āhuatanga kaha pai e ai ki te ariā. Ko te haurua e toe ana o te hanganga rakau he lignin me te hemicellulose te nuinga. Ahakoa he muka roa, he uaua te cellulose e whakarato ana i te rakau ki te tuara o tōna kaha tūturu, he iti noa te hanganga piripono o te hemicellulose, nō reira kāore he mea e whai wāhi atu ana ki te kaha o te rakau. Ka whakakīia e te lignin ngā āputa i waenga i ngā muka cellulose, ā, ka mahi i ngā mahi whai hua mō te rakau ora. Engari mō te kaupapa a te tangata ki te whakakī i te rakau me te herea piri o ōna muka cellulose, ka noho te lignin hei arai.
I roto i tēnei rangahau, i hangaia te rakau tūturu hei rakau whakapakeke (HW) i roto i ngā taahiraa e whā. Tuatahi, ka kohuatia te rakau ki te hauwai konutai me te konutai whanariki hei tango i ētahi o te hemicellulose me te lignin. Whai muri i tēnei maimoatanga matū, ka matotoru ake te rakau mā te pēhi i roto i te mīhini pēhi mō ētahi hāora i te pāmahana rūma. Mā tēnei ka whakaitihia ngā āputa tūturu, ngā pūwero rānei i roto i te rakau, ā, ka whakarei ake i te hononga matū i waenga i ngā muka cellulose tata. Muri iho, ka pēhia te rakau ki te 105° C (221° F) mō ētahi atu hāora hei whakaoti i te whakakīkī, kātahi ka whakamarokehia. Hei whakamutunga, ka rumakina te rakau ki te hinu kohuke mō ngā hāora 48 kia kore ai e ārai wai te hua kua oti.
Ko tētahi āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o tētahi rauemi hanganga ko te pakeketanga o te kōhao, he ine i tōna kaha ki te ātete i te whakarerekētanga ina pēhia e te kaha. He pakeke ake te taimana i te maitai, he pakeke ake i te koura, he pakeke ake i te rakau, ā, he pakeke ake i te pahuka tākai. I roto i ngā whakamātautau hangarau maha e whakamahia ana hei whakatau i te pakeketanga, pērā i te pakeketanga Mohs e whakamahia ana i roto i te gemology, ko te whakamātautau Brinell tētahi o aua whakamātautau. He māmā noa iho tōna ariā: ka pēhia he peera pōro whakarewa pakeke ki roto i te mata whakamātautau me tētahi kaha. Inehia te diameter o te kōhao porowhita i hangaia e te pōro. Ka tatauhia te uara pakeketanga Brinell mā te whakamahi i tētahi tātai pāngarau; ki te kōrero whānui, ko te nui ake o te kōhao e pā ana te pōro, ko te ngawari ake o te rauemi. I roto i tēnei whakamātautau, e 23 ngā wā e pakeke ake ana te HW i te rakau tūturu.
Ko te nuinga o ngā rakau tūturu kāore i rongoatia ka mimiti i te wai. Ka taea e tēnei te whakawhanui i te rakau, ā, ka mutu, ka whakangaro i ōna āhuatanga hanganga. I whakamahia e ngā kaituhi he rumaki kohuke mō ngā rā e rua hei whakanui ake i te ātete wai o te HW, kia nui ake ai te ātete wai ("wehi ki te wai"). Ko te whakamātautau ātete wai ko te whakatakoto i tētahi pata wai ki runga i tētahi mata. Ko te nui ake o te ātete wai o te mata, ka porowhita ake ngā pata wai. I tētahi atu taha, ko te mata ātete wai ("aroha ki te wai"), ka horapa papatahi ngā pata (ā, muri iho ka mimiti ngāwari ake i te wai). Nō reira, ko te rumaki kohuke ehara i te mea ka whakanui ake i te ātete wai o te HW, engari ka ārai hoki i te rakau ki te mimiti i te makuku.
I roto i ētahi whakamātautau hangarau, he pai ake te mahi a ngā maripi HW i ngā maripi whakarewa. E kī ana ngā kaituhi he toru ngā wā koi ake o te maripi HW i te maripi e wātea ana i te mākete. Heoi, he whakatūpato kei roto i tēnei hua whakamere. Kei te whakataurite ngā kairangahau i ngā maripi tēpu, i ngā mea rānei e kiia nei e tātou he maripi pata. Kāore ēnei i te whakaarohia kia tino koi. Ka whakaatu ngā kaituhi i tētahi ataata o tā rātou maripi e tapahi ana i te mīti, engari ka taea pea e tētahi pakeke kaha te tapahi i te mīti kotahi me te taha mangu o te marau whakarewa, ā, he pai ake te mahi a te maripi mīti.
Ā, me pēhea ngā whao? Tērā pea ka taea te patu i tētahi whao HW kotahi ki roto i tētahi puranga papa e toru, ahakoa kāore i te tino taipitopito, he ngāwari hoki ki te whakataurite ki ngā whao rino. Ka taea e ngā titi rakau te pupuri i ngā papa kia piri tahi, me te ātete ki te kaha e haehae ana i a rātou, me te kaha rite tonu ki ngā titi rino. Heoi, i roto i ā rātou whakamātautau, i pakaru ngā papa i ngā wā e rua i mua i te pakaru o tētahi o ngā whao, nō reira kāore i kitea ngā whao kaha ake.
He pai ake ngā whao HW i ētahi atu huarahi? He mama ake ngā titi rakau, engari ko te taumaha o te hanganga ehara i te mea ko te papatipu o ngā titi e pupuri ana i a rātou. Kāore ngā titi rakau e waikura. Heoi, kāore e ātete ki te wai, e pirau rānei.
Kāore e kore kua whakawhanakehia e te kaituhi tētahi tukanga hei hanga i te rakau kia kaha ake i te rakau tūturu. Heoi, me rangahau anō te whai huatanga o ngā taputapu mō tētahi mahi. Ka taea te iti te utu, te kore rauemi pērā i te kirihou? Ka taea te whakataetae ki ngā mea whakarewa kaha ake, ātaahua ake, ka taea te whakamahi anō i ngā wā katoa? Ka ara ake i ā rātou rangahau he pātai whakamere. Mā te hangarau tonu (ā, ko te mākete te mutunga) e whakautu.
Wā tuku: 13 Paenga-whāwhā 2022
